必要條件
本教學課程假設您已熟悉如何將程式庫的 FIDL Rust 繫結列為 GN 中的依附元件,以及如何將繫結匯入 Rust 程式碼 (這部分內容已在 Rust FIDL Crate 教學課程中說明)。
總覽
本教學課程說明如何實作 FIDL 通訊協定 (fuchsia.examples.Echo) 並在 Fuchsia 上執行。這個通訊協定有各種類型的方法:
EchoString是有回應的方法。SendString是沒有回應的方法。OnString是事件。
@discoverable
closed protocol Echo {
strict EchoString(struct {
value string:MAX_STRING_LENGTH;
}) -> (struct {
response string:MAX_STRING_LENGTH;
});
strict SendString(struct {
value string:MAX_STRING_LENGTH;
});
strict -> OnString(struct {
response string:MAX_STRING_LENGTH;
});
};
如要進一步瞭解 FIDL 方法和訊息傳遞模型,請參閱 FIDL 概念頁面。
本文說明如何完成下列工作:
- 實作 FIDL 通訊協定。
- 在 Fuchsia 上建構並執行套件。
- 提供 FIDL 通訊協定。
本教學課程首先會建立元件,並提供給 Fuchsia 裝置執行。然後逐步新增功能,讓伺服器開始運作。
如要自行編寫程式碼,請刪除下列目錄:
rm -r examples/fidl/rust/server/*建立元件
如要建立元件,請按照下列步驟操作:
在
examples/fidl/rust/server/src/main.rs中新增main()函式:fn main() { println!("Hello, world!"); }在
examples/fidl/rust/server/BUILD.gn中宣告伺服器的目標:import("//build/rust/rustc_binary.gni") # Declare an executable for the server. This produces a binary with the # specified output name that can run on Fuchsia. rustc_binary("bin") { output_name = "fidl_echo_rust_server" edition = "2024" sources = [ "src/main.rs" ] } # Declare a component for the server, which consists of the manifest and the # binary that the component will run. fuchsia_component("echo-server") { component_name = "echo_server" manifest = "meta/server.cml" deps = [ ":bin" ] } # Declare a package that contains a single component, our server. fuchsia_package("echo-rust-server") { deps = [ ":echo-server" ] }如要啟動並執行伺服器元件,需要定義下列三個目標:
- 伺服器的原始可執行檔,建構後可在 Fuchsia 上執行。
- 這個元件設定為只執行伺服器可執行檔,並使用元件的資訊清單檔案說明。
- 然後將元件放入套件,這是 Fuchsia 上的軟體發布單位。在本例中,套件只包含單一元件。
如要進一步瞭解套件、元件和建構方式,請參閱「建構元件」頁面。
在
examples/fidl/rust/server/meta/server.cml中新增元件資訊清單:{ include: [ "syslog/client.shard.cml" ], // Information about the program to run. program: { // Use the built-in ELF runner. runner: "elf", // The binary to run for this component. binary: "bin/fidl_echo_rust_server", }, // Capabilities provided by this component. capabilities: [ { protocol: "fuchsia.examples.Echo" }, ], expose: [ { protocol: "fuchsia.examples.Echo", from: "self", }, ], }將伺服器新增至建構設定:
fx set core.x64 --with //examples/fidl/rust/server:echo-rust-server建構 Fuchsia 映像檔:
fx build
導入伺服器
首先,您要實作 Echo 通訊協定的行為。在 Rust 中,這會以可處理通訊協定相關聯要求串流型別的程式碼表示,在本例中為 EchoRequestStream。這種類型是 Echo 要求的串流,也就是實作 futures::Stream<Item = Result<EchoRequest, fidl::Error>>。
您將實作 run_echo_server() 來處理要求串流,這是處理傳入服務要求的非同步函式。並傳回在用戶端管道關閉後完成的 Future。
新增依附元件
匯入必要依附元件:
// we'll use anyhow to propagate errors that occur when handling the request stream use anyhow::{Context as _, Error}; // the server will need to handle an EchoRequestStream use fidl_fuchsia_examples::{EchoRequest, EchoRequestStream}; // import the futures prelude, which includes things like the Future and Stream traits use futures::prelude::*;將這些項目新增為
rustc_binary目標的建構依附元件。deps 欄位應如下所示:deps = [ "//examples/fidl/fuchsia.examples:fuchsia.examples_rust", "//third_party/rust_crates:anyhow", "//third_party/rust_crates:futures", ]
定義「run_echo_server」:
// An implementation of the Echo stream, which handles a stream of EchoRequests
async fn run_echo_server(stream: EchoRequestStream) -> Result<(), Error> {
stream
.map(|result| result.context("failed request"))
.try_for_each(|request| async move {
match request {
// Handle each EchoString request by responding with the request
// value
EchoRequest::EchoString { value, responder } => {
println!("Received EchoString request for string {:?}", value);
responder.send(&value).context("error sending response")?;
println!("Response sent successfully");
}
// Handle each SendString request by sending a single OnString
// event with the request value
EchoRequest::SendString { value, control_handle } => {
println!("Received SendString request for string {:?}", value);
control_handle.send_on_string(&value).context("error sending event")?;
println!("Event sent successfully");
}
}
Ok(())
})
.await
}
實作作業包含下列元素:
程式碼會將要求串流中的
fidl:Error轉換為anyhow::Error,方法是在每個結果上使用.context()方法附加內容:// An implementation of the Echo stream, which handles a stream of EchoRequests async fn run_echo_server(stream: EchoRequestStream) -> Result<(), Error> { stream .map(|result| result.context("failed request")) .try_for_each(|request| async move { match request { // Handle each EchoString request by responding with the request // value EchoRequest::EchoString { value, responder } => { println!("Received EchoString request for string {:?}", value); responder.send(&value).context("error sending response")?; println!("Response sent successfully"); } // Handle each SendString request by sending a single OnString // event with the request value EchoRequest::SendString { value, control_handle } => { println!("Received SendString request for string {:?}", value); control_handle.send_on_string(&value).context("error sending event")?; println!("Event sent successfully"); } } Ok(()) }) .await }在這個階段,
Result<EchoRequest, fidl::Error>串流會變成Result<EchoRequest, anyhow::Error>串流。接著,函式會對產生的串流呼叫 try_for_each,並傳回未來。這個方法會將串流中的
Result解除包裝,任何失敗都會導致該 Future 立即傳回錯誤,而任何成功內容都會傳遞至閉包。同樣地,如果閉包的傳回值解析為失敗,產生的 Future 會立即傳回該錯誤:// An implementation of the Echo stream, which handles a stream of EchoRequests async fn run_echo_server(stream: EchoRequestStream) -> Result<(), Error> { stream .map(|result| result.context("failed request")) .try_for_each(|request| async move { match request { // Handle each EchoString request by responding with the request // value EchoRequest::EchoString { value, responder } => { println!("Received EchoString request for string {:?}", value); responder.send(&value).context("error sending response")?; println!("Response sent successfully"); } // Handle each SendString request by sending a single OnString // event with the request value EchoRequest::SendString { value, control_handle } => { println!("Received SendString request for string {:?}", value); control_handle.send_on_string(&value).context("error sending event")?; println!("Event sent successfully"); } } Ok(()) }) .await }封閉包裝的內容會比對傳入的
EchoRequest,判斷要求類型:// An implementation of the Echo stream, which handles a stream of EchoRequests async fn run_echo_server(stream: EchoRequestStream) -> Result<(), Error> { stream .map(|result| result.context("failed request")) .try_for_each(|request| async move { match request { // Handle each EchoString request by responding with the request // value EchoRequest::EchoString { value, responder } => { println!("Received EchoString request for string {:?}", value); responder.send(&value).context("error sending response")?; println!("Response sent successfully"); } // Handle each SendString request by sending a single OnString // event with the request value EchoRequest::SendString { value, control_handle } => { println!("Received SendString request for string {:?}", value); control_handle.send_on_string(&value).context("error sending event")?; println!("Event sent successfully"); } } Ok(()) }) .await }這項實作會處理
EchoString要求 (將輸入內容回傳),並傳送OnString事件來處理SendString要求。由於SendString是「即發即忘」方法,因此要求列舉變數會隨附控制代碼,可用於與伺服器通訊。在這兩種情況下,系統都會透過新增內容並使用
?運算子,傳播將訊息傳回給用戶端的錯誤。如果順利到達結尾,則會傳回Ok(())。最後,伺服器函式
await會將try_for_each傳回的 Future 設為完成,這會在每個傳入要求上呼叫閉包,並在處理完所有要求或發生任何錯誤時傳回。
您可以執行下列指令,確認導入作業是否正確:
fx build提供通訊協定
您已定義處理傳入要求的程式碼,現在需要監聽傳入的連線,連線至 Echo 伺服器。方法是要求元件管理員向其他元件公開 Echo 通訊協定。元件管理員接著會將所有回音通訊協定要求轉送至我們的伺服器。
為滿足這些要求,元件管理員需要通訊協定的名稱,以及在有任何連線至符合指定名稱通訊協定的連入要求時,應呼叫的處理常式。
新增依附元件
匯入必要依附元件:
// Import the Fuchsia async runtime in order to run the async main function use fuchsia_async as fasync; // ServiceFs is a filesystem used to connect clients to the Echo service use fuchsia_component::server::ServiceFs;將這些項目新增為
rustc_binary目標的建構依附元件。完整目標如下所示:rustc_binary("bin") { name = "fidl_echo_rust_server" edition = "2024" deps = [ "//examples/fidl/fuchsia.examples:fuchsia.examples_rust", "//src/lib/fuchsia", "//src/lib/fuchsia-component", "//third_party/rust_crates:anyhow", "//third_party/rust_crates:futures", ] sources = [ "src/main.rs" ] }
定義 main 函式
#[fuchsia::main]
async fn main() -> Result<(), Error> {
// Initialize the outgoing services provided by this component
let mut fs = ServiceFs::new_local();
fs.dir("svc").add_fidl_service(IncomingService::Echo);
// Serve the outgoing services
fs.take_and_serve_directory_handle()?;
// Listen for incoming requests to connect to Echo, and call run_echo_server
// on each one
println!("Listening for incoming connections...");
const MAX_CONCURRENT: usize = 10_000;
fs.for_each_concurrent(MAX_CONCURRENT, |IncomingService::Echo(stream)| {
run_echo_server(stream).unwrap_or_else(|e| println!("{:?}", e))
})
.await;
Ok(())
}
主函式是非同步函式,因為它會監聽傳入 Echo 伺服器的連線。fuchsia::main 屬性會告知 Fuchsia 非同步執行階段,在單一執行緒上執行 main future 直到完成。
main 也會傳回 Result<(), Error>。如果 main 因其中一行 ? 而傳回 Error,系統會列印 Debug 錯誤,並傳回表示失敗的狀態碼。
初始化 ServiceFs
取得 ServiceFs 的執行個體,代表包含各種服務的檔案系統。由於伺服器會以單一執行緒執行,請使用 ServiceFs::new_local(),而非 ServiceFs::new() (後者可處理多個執行緒)。
#[fuchsia::main]
async fn main() -> Result<(), Error> {
// Initialize the outgoing services provided by this component
let mut fs = ServiceFs::new_local();
fs.dir("svc").add_fidl_service(IncomingService::Echo);
// Serve the outgoing services
fs.take_and_serve_directory_handle()?;
// Listen for incoming requests to connect to Echo, and call run_echo_server
// on each one
println!("Listening for incoming connections...");
const MAX_CONCURRENT: usize = 10_000;
fs.for_each_concurrent(MAX_CONCURRENT, |IncomingService::Echo(stream)| {
run_echo_server(stream).unwrap_or_else(|e| println!("{:?}", e))
})
.await;
Ok(())
}
新增 Echo FIDL 服務
請元件管理員公開 Echo FIDL 服務。這項函式呼叫包含兩個部分:
#[fuchsia::main]
async fn main() -> Result<(), Error> {
// Initialize the outgoing services provided by this component
let mut fs = ServiceFs::new_local();
fs.dir("svc").add_fidl_service(IncomingService::Echo);
// Serve the outgoing services
fs.take_and_serve_directory_handle()?;
// Listen for incoming requests to connect to Echo, and call run_echo_server
// on each one
println!("Listening for incoming connections...");
const MAX_CONCURRENT: usize = 10_000;
fs.for_each_concurrent(MAX_CONCURRENT, |IncomingService::Echo(stream)| {
run_echo_server(stream).unwrap_or_else(|e| println!("{:?}", e))
})
.await;
Ok(())
}
元件管理員必須知道如何處理連線要求。方法是傳入接受
fidl::endpoints::RequestStream的閉包,並傳回一些新值。舉例來說,傳入|stream: EchoRequestStream| stream的閉包完全有效。常見模式是定義伺服器提供的可能服務列舉,在本範例中為:enum IncomingService { // Host a service protocol. Echo(EchoRequestStream), // ... more services here }然後將列舉變數「建構函式」做為閉包傳遞。如果提供多項服務,這會產生常見的傳回型別 (
IncomingService列舉)。監聽連入連線時,所有add_fidl_service閉包的回傳值都會成為ServiceFs串流中的元素。元件管理員也必須知道這項服務的適用範圍。 由於這是輸出服務 (即提供給其他元件的服務),因此服務必須在
/svc目錄中新增路徑。add_fidl_service會透過與閉包輸入引數相關聯的SERVICE_NAME,隱含取得這個路徑。在本例中,閉包引數 (IncomingService::Echo) 具有EchoRequestStream類型的輸入引數,而該引數具有"fuchsia.examples.Echo"的相關聯SERVICE_NAME。因此,這項呼叫會在/svc/fuchsia.examples.Echo新增項目,用戶端必須搜尋名為"fuchsia.examples.Echo"的服務,才能連線至這個伺服器。
提供傳出目錄
#[fuchsia::main]
async fn main() -> Result<(), Error> {
// Initialize the outgoing services provided by this component
let mut fs = ServiceFs::new_local();
fs.dir("svc").add_fidl_service(IncomingService::Echo);
// Serve the outgoing services
fs.take_and_serve_directory_handle()?;
// Listen for incoming requests to connect to Echo, and call run_echo_server
// on each one
println!("Listening for incoming connections...");
const MAX_CONCURRENT: usize = 10_000;
fs.for_each_concurrent(MAX_CONCURRENT, |IncomingService::Echo(stream)| {
run_echo_server(stream).unwrap_or_else(|e| println!("{:?}", e))
})
.await;
Ok(())
}
這項呼叫會將 ServiceFs 繫結至元件的 DirectoryRequest 啟動控制代碼,並監聽連入的連線要求。請注意,由於這會從程序的控制代碼表格中移除控制代碼,因此每個程序只能呼叫這個函式一次。如要將 ServiceFs 提供給其他管道,可以使用 serve_connection 函式。
如要進一步瞭解這項程序,請參閱「通訊協定開啟的生命週期」。
接聽連入連線
執行 ServiceFs 直到完成,即可監聽連入連線:
#[fuchsia::main]
async fn main() -> Result<(), Error> {
// Initialize the outgoing services provided by this component
let mut fs = ServiceFs::new_local();
fs.dir("svc").add_fidl_service(IncomingService::Echo);
// Serve the outgoing services
fs.take_and_serve_directory_handle()?;
// Listen for incoming requests to connect to Echo, and call run_echo_server
// on each one
println!("Listening for incoming connections...");
const MAX_CONCURRENT: usize = 10_000;
fs.for_each_concurrent(MAX_CONCURRENT, |IncomingService::Echo(stream)| {
run_echo_server(stream).unwrap_or_else(|e| println!("{:?}", e))
})
.await;
Ok(())
}
這會執行 ServiceFs Future,同時處理最多 10,000 個傳入要求。傳遞至這項呼叫的閉包是處理傳入要求的處理常式 - ServiceFs 會先將傳入連線與提供給 add_fidl_service 的閉包相符,然後在結果 (即 IncomingService) 上呼叫處理常式。處理常式會採用 IncomingService,並在內部要求串流上呼叫 run_echo_server,以處理傳入的 Echo 要求。
這裡會處理兩種要求。ServiceFs 處理的要求串流包含連線至 Echo 伺服器的要求 (也就是說,每個用戶端在連線至伺服器時,都會發出這類要求一次),而 run_echo_server 處理的要求串流則是 Echo 通訊協定上的要求 (也就是說,每個用戶端可能會對伺服器發出任意數量的 EchoString 或 SendString 要求)。許多用戶端可以同時要求連線至 Echo 伺服器,因此系統會並行處理這類要求。不過,單一用戶端的所有要求都會依序發生,因此並行處理要求沒有好處。
測試伺服器
重建:
fx build然後執行伺服器元件:
ffx component run /core/ffx-laboratory:echo_server fuchsia-pkg://fuchsia.com/echo-rust-server#meta/echo_server.cm注意:元件會使用元件網址 (由`fuchsia-pkg://`配置決定) 進行解析。
裝置記錄 (ffx log) 應會顯示類似以下的輸出內容:
[ffx-laboratory:echo_server][][I] Listening for incoming connections...
伺服器現已開始執行並等待傳入要求。下一步是編寫傳送 Echo 通訊協定要求的用戶端。目前,您只要終止伺服器元件即可:
ffx component destroy /core/ffx-laboratory:echo_server